Korean American author and journalist
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Written by
Yong-Yu Huang
Fact-checked by
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: •Article History
For her writing, Korean American author and journalist Min Jin Lee has pretended to apply to Harvard Business School, taken a millinery class at the Fashion Institute of Technology, and played poker with Wall Street traders. Lee stores her research in Bankers Boxes, filled with the pieces of stories and interviews that she has gathered for her work. Inspired by the practice of American novelist Willa Cather, she reads a chapter of the Bible before she writes, six days a week; by her own account, she has read it cover-to-cover seven times.
Min Jin Lee at a Glance
Name: Min Jin Lee
Born: November 11, 1968, Seoul, South Korea
Occupation: Author and journalist
Notable works: The Koreans trilogy—Free Food for Millionaires (2007), Pachinko (2017), and American Hagwon (forthcoming)
Awards: Manhae Grand Prize for Literature (2022), Fitzgerald Prize for Literary Excellence (2024)
In addition to Cather, Lee cites Leo Tolstoy, Edith Wharton, George Eliot, James Baldwin, and Joan Didion among her major literary influences. Her use of omniscient narration is heavily influenced by the 19th-century British and American literature that she grew up with, and her novels are noted for their compelling characters, depth of research,and themes such as race, diaspora, love, and class. As Michael Luo of The New Yorker wrote in 2022, “Lee’s gift is her ability to write sweeping, magisterial books that take on ponderous political themes—the Korean diasporic experience, the invisibility of marginalized groups in history, the limits of assimilation—and to make their unhurried, quiet intrigues read like thrillers.”
“I think people have multiple selves and multiple sides that we’ll never really get to see, even in a lifetime,” Lee told Enyclopaedia Britannica in 2024. “So I think about this quite a lot in terms of what writers have influenced me.…We’re living in a time in which people’s lives are very scrutinized, and their lives are important, but I think that their work is more important.”
The rising action
When Lee was seven years old, her uncle John Y. Kim sponsored her family’s immigration from South Korea to the United States. They arrived in New York City in March 1976. In Korea, Lee’s mother had been a piano teacher, her father an executive at a cosmetics company. In the new country, her parents ran a newspaper stand on 29th Street and Broadway. After a year, they opened a wholesale jewelry business.
Lee grew up in Queens as the second of three sisters, often living inside her head as a child. “I was sort of quiet, not really noticed,” Lee told Britannica. “But it didn’t make me upset, though. I guess that’s the big difference—I wasn’t upset by not having friends. I wasn’t even aware of it.”
As a teenager, Lee spent four hours a day commuting to and from the Bronx High School of Science, from which she graduated in 1986. About this time, while donating blood to the Red Cross, Lee learned that she was a carrier of dormant chronic hepatitis B.
Inspired by American novelist and social critic Sinclair Lewis, she attended his alma mater, Yale University. Lee said that she took too many classes while at Yale. For the classes she couldn’t take, she kept their syllabi to peruse their reading lists, intent on learning as much as possible.In 1987 she returned to Korea to spend a summer at Yonsei University’s Korean Language Institute. In her free time, she “mostly went clubbing with friends,” she told Britannica.
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Triggered by the stress and exhaustion of her workload, her liver disease soon began to affect her life. A doctor warned her of the likelihood of getting liver cancer in her 20s or 30s. Despite her health issues she was able to finish her education. After graduating from Yale with a history degree (1990), Lee received a law degree (1993) from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. There she met Christopher Duffy, whom she married in 1993 and with whom she had a son, Sam, in 1998.
After almost two years working in corporate law, Lee was forced to quit because of health struggles. She explained, “I think I might still be a lawyer if it wasn’t for the fact that I had this liver disease. I enjoyed being a lawyer. I’m not one of those people who hated it. I think very much like a lawyer. I’m very issue-oriented.” Lee developed liver cirrhosis and eventually had to start interferon-B treatments. The treatment was successful, and she no longer suffers from chronic liver disease. Lee has been vocal about her experiences with hepatitis B. She told Britannica, “I talk about it because I think people do feel the shame and stigma of having diseases which are transmissible. But I think if we were able to talk about it, we would stop the transmission.”
Lee then turned her focus to writing, intending on publishing a novel right away. Instead, Lee’s debut novel, Free Food for Millionaires, came out 11 years later, in 2007.
The apprenticeship
Unable to afford another graduate degree after law school, Lee sought to create her own version of an M.F.A. (Master of Fine Arts) program. She has described this plan of action as an “apprenticeship.” She applied for the New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship for Fiction, which in 2000 awarded her $7,000. This money was the only significant financial support she received as she began working on what would become her first novel and was mainly used to hire babysitters for her son.
During this time, Lee read voraciously and relied on local arts resources in New York, such as the Asian American Writers’ Workshop (AAWW) and the 92nd Street Y (now known as 92NY), for community and support. Additionally, she attended the Sewanee Writers’ Conference in Tennessee, studying fiction with Alice McDermott and Rick Moody. “Everything I learned about the act of writing was from reading books or these small classes,” Lee told Britannica, while reflecting on her experience studying with Jhumpa Lahiri at the AAWW. Lee was also classmates with the writers Lisa Ko, Lan Samantha Chang, and Ed Lin.
The reception
When Free Food for Millionaires was released in 2007, it made numerous editorial and bestseller lists, receiving recognition from such publications as The New York Times Book Review, NPR, USA Today, and The Times. The book follows protagonist Casey Han, a Princeton-educated, Queens-raised Korean American, and her post-graduation trek through turbulent relationships and a low-level job on Wall Street. “Competence can be a curse,” the novel begins, before exploring themes of social class, love, familial expectations, and assimilation. It is the first book in what Lee intends to be a trilogy called The Koreans.
Lee had encountered the subject of her second novel while she was still at Yale, during a talk by a missionary visiting from Japan who had worked with that country’s Zainichi community (ethnic Koreans born in Japan but not having Japanese citizenship). She had started writing her first draft of a novel about this community in 1996 but abandoned the manuscript. From 2007 to 2011 Lee and her family lived in Japan for her husband’s work. There she interviewed Japanese Koreans, prompting the realization that she needed to rewrite her novel to better capture the Zainichi community’s story.During this time, Lee also wrote a column for the Korean newspaper Chosun Ilbo. Her family returned to the United States in March 2011, earlier than expected because of the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan that month.
“Motherland”
Min Jin Lee had written an earlier manuscript of her novel Pachinko that never saw the light of publication. Ultimately, her prize-winning short story, “Motherland,” featured in the Missouri Review in 2002, was the only part of that draft to make it into the final version of Pachinko.
In 2017 Lee published Pachinko, her sophomore novel and the second book in her trilogy, a multigenerational saga of a Zainichi family set, at various points, in Korea, Japan, and the United States. It follows four generations and their experiences with identity and survival, weaving through time and numerous sociopolitical conflicts. The bestselling novel became a finalist for the National Book Award and was voted one of the “100 Best Books of the 21st Century” by The New York Times. A reviewer in that newspaper described the novel as “a compassionate, clear gaze at the chaotic landscape of life itself,” where “no one story seems too minor to be briefly illuminated.”
In 2018 Apple TV+ announced that it was planning to adapt Pachinko for television. The series debuted in 2022, and the second season aired in 2024.
The next installment
In her own words, Lee has given up drama in her life to make time for writing. “I’m not looking for a good time somewhere or the highly charismatic people,” she told Britannica. “I’m not drawn to the bright lights. I never live above my means.”
Lee began serving as writer-in-residence at Amherst College in Massachusetts since 2019, making the commute from her home in Harlem in New York City. At Amherst she has taught introductory classes on fiction and nonfiction writing. Lee has said that she prefers to teach undergraduates, although she has also taught masterclasses at the University of Iowa and the University of Michigan. “I want to meet people who are not regular writers, who are interested in exploring it,” Lee told Britannica. “I try to get as wide a cross-section as possible.”
Lee is a trustee of PEN America, an organization that promotesfreedom of expression and intellectualexchanges and goodwill among writers. She has received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study at Harvard to work on American Hagwon, the final installment of The Koreans trilogy. The novel will explore education among Korean communities around the world. Lee is also at work on a memoir titled Name Recognition.
Yong-Yu Huang